JoLT-Ca Sublobar Resection (SR) Versus Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SAbR) for Lung Cancer

Eligibility Criteria

• * Age \> 18 years.
• * ECOG performance status (PS) 0, 1, or 2.
• * Radiographic findings consistent with non-small cell lung cancer, including lesions with ground glass opacities with a solid component of 50% or greater. Those with ground glass opacities and \<50% solid component will be excluded.
• * The primary tumor in the lung must be biopsy confirmed non-small cell lung cancer within 180 days prior to randomization.
• * Tumor ≤ 4 cm maximum diameter, including clinical stage IA and selected IB by PET/CT scan of the chest and upper abdomen performed within 180 days prior to randomization. Repeat imaging within 90 days prior to randomization is recommended for re-staging but is not required based on institutional norms.
• * All clinically suspicious mediastinal N1, N2, or N3 lymph nodes (\> 1 cm short-axis dimension on CT scan and/or positive on PET scan) confirmed negative for involvement with NSCLC by one of the following methods: mediastinoscopy, anterior mediastinotomy, EUS/EBUS guided needle aspiration, CT-guided, video-assisted thoracoscopic or open lymph node biopsy within 180 days of randomization.
• * Tumor verified by a thoracic surgeon to be in a location that will permit sublobar resection.
• * Tumor located peripherally within the lung. NOTE: Peripheral is defined as not touching any surface within 2 cm of the proximal bronchial tree in all directions. See below. Patients with non-peripheral (central) tumors are NOT eligible.
• * No evidence of distant metastases.
• * Availability of pulmonary function tests (PFTs - spirometry, DLCO, +/- arterial blood gases) within 180 days prior to registration. Patients with tracheotomy, etc, who are physically unable to perform PFTs (and therefore cannot be tested for the Major criteria in 3.1.11 below) are potentially still eligible if a study credentialed thoracic surgeon documents that the patient's health characteristics would otherwise have been acceptable for eligibility as a high risk but nonetheless operable patient (in particular be eligible for sublobar resection).
• * Patient at high-risk for surgery by meeting a minimum of one major criteria or two minor criteria
• * Major Criteria
• * FEV1 ≤ 50% predicted (pre-bronchodilator value)
• * DLCO ≤ 50% predicted (pre-bronchodilator value)
• * Minor Criteria
• * Age ≥75
• * FEV1 51-60% predicted (pre-bronchodilator value)
• * DLCO 51-60% predicted (pre-bronchodilator value)
• * Pulmonary hypertension (defined as a pulmonary artery systolic pressure greater than 40mm Hg) as estimated by echocardiography or right heart catheterization
• * Study credentialed thoracic surgeon believes the patient is potentially operable but that a lobectomy or pneumonectomy would be poorly tolerated by the patient for tangible or intangible reasons. The belief must be declared and documented in the medical record prior to randomization.
• * Poor left ventricular function (defined as an ejection fraction of 40% or less)
• * Resting or Exercise Arterial pO2 ≤ 55 mm Hg or SpO2 ≤ 88%
• * pCO2 \> 45 mm Hg
• * Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) Dyspnea Scale ≥ 3.
• * No prior intra-thoracic radiation therapy for previously identified intra-thoracic primary tumor (e.g. previous lung cancer) on the ipsilateral side. NOTE: Previous radiotherapy as part of treatment for head and neck, breast, or other non-thoracic cancer is permitted so long as possible radiation fields would not overlap. Previous chemotherapy or surgical resection specifically for the lung cancer being treated on this protocol is NOT permitted.
• * No prior lung resection on the ipsilateral side.
• * Non-pregnant and non-lactating. Women of child-bearing potential must have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test prior to registration. Peri-menopausal women must be amenorrheic \> 12 months prior to registration to be considered not of childbearing potential.
• * No prior invasive malignancy, unless disease-free for ≥ 3 years prior to registration (exceptions: non-melanoma skin cancer, in-situ cancers).
• * Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent.
• * evidence of distant metastases
• * prior intra-thoracic radiation therapy. NOTE: Previous radiotherapy as part of treatment for head and neck, breast, or other non-thoracic cancer is permitted so long as possible radiation fields would not overlap. Previous chemotherapy or surgical resection specifically for the lung cancer being treated on this protocol is NOT permitted. No prior lung resection on the ipsilateral side.
• * pregnant and lactating women
• * prior invasive malignancy, unless disease-free for ≥ 3 years prior to registration (exceptions: non-melanoma skin cancer, in-situ cancers).