Role of Aging and Individual Variation in Exercise Training Responsiveness

Eligibility Criteria

• * Individuals who completed participation in the STRRIDE-PD trial (NCT00962962)
• * Body Mass Index (BMI) \> 18 and \< 45 kg/m2
• * Stable dose (≥1 month) of any cardiometabolic medications
• * Poor vein access
• * Current use of tobacco or any nicotine products, including e-cigarettes
• * Insulin-dependent diabetes
• * Active untreated hyper or hypothyroidism with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations \< 1.5 or \> 10.0 uIU/mL
• * Systemic inflammatory or connective tissue disease, chronic infectious disease, chronic pulmonary disease or symptomatic cardiovascular disease with positive functional study by ECG or imaging
• * Current, actively treated malignancy other than dermatologic conditions
• * Absolute contraindications to exercise testing: ongoing unstable angina; uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia with hemodynamic compromise; active endocarditis; symptomatic severe aortic stenosis; decompensated heart failure; acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis; acute myocarditis or pericarditis; acute aortic dissection; physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing
• * Relative contraindications to exercise testing: known obstructive left main coronary artery stenosis; moderate to severe aortic stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms; tachyarrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rates; acquired advanced or complete heart block; hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient; recent stroke or transient ischemic attack; mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate; uncorrected medical conditions, such as hypertension, significant anemia, important electrolyte imbalance, and hyperthyroidism
• * Modified testing contraindications: acute myocardial infarction (MI) within six months; resting hypertension with systolic or diastolic blood pressures \>160/90 mmHg
• * Unable to safely participate in an exercise program per study protocol per PI discretion
• * Planned, intentional weight loss during study