Alternative Therapies for Improving Physical Function in Individuals With Stroke

Eligibility Criteria

• 1. Participants should be 18 to 90 years of age.
• 2. Able to follow instructions provided in English.
• 3. History of neurological impairment (Stroke, Parkinson's disease and Multiple Sclerosis) for at least 6 months prior to evaluation (self-report, confirmed by participant's physician).
• 4. Able to stand and walk with or without assistive device or braces as part of their activities of daily living (self-report).
• 5. Cognitive skills to actively participate (score of \< 26 on Montreal cognitive assessment indicates cognitive impairment) (30).
• 6. Stroke - a) Upper extremity limb function (score of at least 25 on the Fugyl Myer Upper extremity test and Muscle performance grade on deltoid, pec major and and triceps of \> or = 2/5).
• 7. Parkinson's disease a) - Stable medication use b) stage I or II of the Boher classification of Parkinson's disease c) No sudden fluctuations (on-off phenomenon).
• 8. Multiple Sclerosis - No Severe disability "Expanded Disability Status Scale" (EDSS scale \< or = 4.5).
• * 1. Significant cognitive or communicative impairment indicated by a score of \> 26 on Montreal cognitive assessment indicates cognitive impairment. In neurologically impaired individuals, for cognitive impairment a score of \<25 on Mini Mental State Exam Score; for aphasia \<71% on Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test and \>15 on Geriatric Depression Scale.
• 2. Presence of concurrent severe medical illness, including unhealed pressure sores, active or untreated infection, thromboembolic disease, severe contractures, active heterotrophic ossification in the lower extremities, lower limb fractures, known history of peripheral nerve injury in the lower legs, history of cardiovascular or pulmonary complications, or with pacemakers and history of metabolic (endocrine, hepatic) or renal dysfunction, uncontrolled seizures (Self-report).
• 3. History of any acute and significant cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal or systemic diagnosis in the past 6 months or history of a recent major surgery (\<6months) or hospitalization (\<3months) and on any sedative drugs.
• 4. Partcipants unavailable for 12 weeks of participation, 5. Current participation in other treatment (i.e.- Botox) or other research studies during the phase of the study.
• 6. Pregnancy. 7. Uncontrolled pain \>3/10 on VAS 8. Complains of shortness of breath 9. Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure (SBP) \> 165 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) \> 110 mmHg during resting) \[1,2\].
• 10. Resting hear rate (HR) \> 85% of age-predicted maximal heart rate (HRmax) (HRmax = 220 - age) \[3\].
• 11. Oxygen saturation (measured by pulse oximeter) during resting \< 95%. 12. Severe cardiac disease (New York Heart Association classification of II-IV) \[1\].
• 13. Exclusion Criteria for Laboratory Slip test. i. T score of \< -2 on the Bone density, measured through via the heel ultrasound machine. It must be noted that the particpants will be explained that they were excluded from the balance test to avoid any injury risk as there is a chance that their bones may be weak. However, they will be told that the ultrasound test does give more false positives (i.e. lower scores indicating weak bones when in fact they are not weak) and that they probably could see their physician for a more conclusive test (such as the full-body bone scan).