WHNRC (Western Human Nutrition Research Center) Fiber Intervention Study

Eligibility Criteria

• 1. Body Mass Index (BMI) 18.5 - 30.9 kg/m2
• 2. inadequate total dietary fiber intake defined as:
• * Females 18 - 30 years old, less than 28 g/day
• * Females 31 - 50 years old, less than 25 g/day
• * Males 18 - 30 years old, less than 34 g/day
• * Males 31 - 50 years old, less than 31 g/day
• 1. blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg
• 2. has HIV/AIDS or another disease that affects the immune system
• 3. has any kind of cancer
• 4. inability to lift 30 pounds with assistance (for transporting refrigerated stool containers)
• 5. decline to take an HIV blood test
• 6. pregnant or lactating women
• 7. refusal to take a pregnancy test
• 8. female subjects: refusal to use a method of birth control 1 week prior to the administration of the vaccine, 1 week during the vaccine, and 1 week after the vaccine
• 9. allergy to vaccine components, i.e. thimerosal and enteric-coated capsules
• 10. allergy to oral typhoid vaccine
• 11. use of anti-inflammatory medications, i.e. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), aspirin, 3 or more times per month
• 12. use of sulfonamides or antibiotics 3 months prior to the receipt of Ty21a vaccine.
• 13. use of anti-hypertensive drugs, i.e. beta blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers
• 14. use of anti-malaria drugs, i.e. mefloquine, chloroquine, and proguanil
• 15. use of drugs that affects the immune system, i.e. immunosuppressants, immune-modifying drugs, corticosteroids, i.e. cortisone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, for 2 weeks or longer
• 16. use of biologics, i.e. Lantus, Remicade, Rituxan, Humira, Herceptin, Avastin, Lucentis, Enbrel for 2 weeks or longer
• 17. undergoing cancer treatment with radiation or drugs
• 18. greater than 10 years residence in a typhoid-endemic area
• 19. receipt of typhoid vaccine in the last 5 years
• 20. receipt of any vaccine two weeks prior to receipt of Ty21a vaccine
• 21. individuals at increased risk of developing complications from a live, bacterial vaccine
• 22. history of typhoid fever
• 23. history of primary immune deficiency or autoimmune disease
• 24. history of acute or chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, i.e. Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastric ulcer
• 25. diarrheal illness (defined as passing 3 or more abnormally loose or watery stool in a 24 hour period) or persistent vomiting 2 weeks prior to the study
• 26. history of chronic illnesses, i.e. diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, gastrointestinal malabsorption or inflammatory diseases, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, HIV, liver disease, including hepatitis B and C
• 27. asthma if taking medication on a daily basis
• 28. recent surgery (within 3 months)
• 29. history of GI surgery
• 30. recent hospitalization (within 3 months)
• 31. fever (within 2 weeks)
• 32. unwillingness to discontinue probiotic, prebiotic, or other supplements (except Recommended Dietary Allowance-level vitamin and mineral supplements), fiber supplements, or food and beverage products containing inulin, chicory root fiber, or maltodextrin during the study
• 33. not having at least one arm vein suitable for blood drawing
• 34. unwilling or uncomfortable with blood draws and stool collections
• 35. regular blood or blood product donation and refusal to suspend donation
• 36. current participation in another research study
• 37. unable to fast for 12-16 hours
• 38. have fewer than 3 bowel movements per week
• 39. consuming one or more servings of added-inulin foods per day over the past month