Fruit and Vegetable Biomarker Discovery

Eligibility Criteria

• * Body Mass Index (BMI) 18.5-39.9 kg/m\^2
• * Willingness to provide urine and have blood drawn
• * Pregnancy or lactation
• * Allergy or aversion to foods provided in test diet
• * History of gastrointestinal disorders including the following:
• 1. Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease
• 2. Celiac sprue
• 3. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
• 4. Familial adenomatous polyposis
• 5. Pancreatic disease
• 6. Liver disease
• * Previous gastrointestinal resection or bariatric surgery
• * Bleeding disorders that preclude blood draws
• * Recent hospital admissions (past 6 months) for myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or congestive heart failure (CHF)
• * Cardiovascular disease (CVD) under physician guided therapy that is not medically stable
• * Cancer under radiation or chemotherapy treatment that is active or within 6 months of treatment
• * Weight change (± 5% in the last 3 months)
• * Regular alcohol intake of \> 2 drinks/day (equivalent to 720 mL of beer, 240 mL of wine, or 90 mL of spirits), and unwilling to abstain during feeding periods
• * Use of tobacco and/or marijuana, hookahs, e-cigarettes, or vapes and not willing to abstain during feeding periods
• * Use of illicit drugs and not willing to abstain during feeding periods
• * BMI \>40 kg/m\^2
• * Regular (daily to weekly) use of over-the-counter (OTC) weight-loss aids and unwilling or unable to stop taking these during feeding periods
• * Regular (daily to weekly) use of OTC anti-inflammatories and unwilling or unable to stop taking these during feeding periods
• * Unwilling to stop taking OTC dietary supplements that interfere with the test foods being studied including pills, chewables, liquids or powders for the following (may continue if vitamin supplement is prescribed by a medical doctor):
• 1. Protein supplements
• 2. Soy
• 3. Fiber
• 4. Flaxseed
• 5. Fish oil (including cod liver oil)
• 6. Probiotics
• 7. Carotenoids
• 8. Selenium
• 9. Other antioxidants
• 10. Other phytochemicals
• 11. Glucosamine
• 12. Chondroitin
• * Oral or IV antibiotic use in the past 6 months (could defer participation until 6 months post-completion of course of antibiotics)
• * Seated blood pressure \>140/90 mmHg
• * Fasting clinical lab values outside of the following ranges:
• 1. Fasting Glucose: 54-125 mg/dL
• 2. Urea: 6-50 mg/dL
• 3. Creatinine: 0.4-1.3 mg/dL
• 4. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR): \>60 mL/min
• 5. Sodium: 133-146 mmol/L
• 6. Alanine Transaminase (ALT): 5-60 U/L
• 7. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): 5-40 U/L
• 8. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): 20-135 U/L
• 9. Total Bilirubin: 0.0-1.9 mg/dL
• 10. Total Protein: 5-9.0 g/dL
• 11. Albumin: 3.5-5.9 d/L
• 12. Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol: \<160 mg/dL
• 13. Triglycerides: \<500
• 14. White Blood Cells: 3-10.5 Kl/µL
• 15. Hematocrit: 35-48 g/dL (women), 37.5-49 g/dL (men)
• * Current use of the following prescription medications:
• 1. Diuretics
• 2. Steroids (oral): daily oral any dose within 1 month of study (except for oral contraceptive pills)
• 3. Opiates: any use within 1 month of study
• 4. Hypolipidemic agents that affect GI or renal function (ie. fibrates)
• 5. Hypoglycemic medications other than metformin (ie. insulin, SGLT2 inhibitor, α-glucosidase inhibitor)
• 6. Psychiatric medications that affect metabolism/renal function (anti-psychotics, lithium)
• 7. Biologics/immune modulators (ie. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, other rheumatologic/hematologic active disease)
• 8. Anti-coagulants (coumadin, heparin, Eliquis, etc.)
• 9. HIV/HAART medications (dyslipidemia inducing)
• * Inability to freely give informed consent